Building dynamic forms

Many forms, such as questionnaires, can be very similar to one another in format and intent. To make it faster and easier to generate different versions of such a form, you can create a dynamic form template based on metadata that describes the business object model. Then, use the template to generate new forms automatically, according to changes in the data model.

The technique is particularly useful when you have a type of form whose content must change frequently to meet rapidly changing business and regulatory requirements. A typical use-case is a questionnaire. You might need to get input from users in different contexts. The format and style of the forms a user sees should remain constant, while the actual questions you need to ask vary with the context.

In this tutorial you will build a dynamic form that presents a basic questionnaire. You build an online application for heroes seeking employment. The agency is constantly tinkering with the application process, but by using the dynamic form you can create the new forms on the fly without changing the application code.

The tutorial walks you through the following steps.

1. Enable reactive forms for a project.
2. Establish a data model to represent form controls.
3. Populate the model with sample data.
4. Develop a component to create form controls dynamically.

The form you create uses input validation and styling to improve the user experience. It has a Submit button that is only enabled when all user input is valid, and flags invalid input with color coding and error messages.

The basic version can evolve to support a richer variety of questions, more graceful rendering, and superior user experience.

Enable reactive forms for your project

Dynamic forms are based on reactive forms.

To give the application access reactive forms directives, import ReactiveFormsModule from the @angular/forms library into the necessary components.

The following code from the example shows the setup in the root module.

      
import {Component, Input, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {CommonModule} from '@angular/common';import {FormGroup, ReactiveFormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {DynamicFormQuestionComponent} from './dynamic-form-question.component';import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';import {QuestionControlService} from './question-control.service';@Component({  selector: 'app-dynamic-form',  templateUrl: './dynamic-form.component.html',  providers: [QuestionControlService],  imports: [CommonModule, DynamicFormQuestionComponent, ReactiveFormsModule],})export class DynamicFormComponent implements OnInit {  @Input() questions: QuestionBase<string>[] | null = [];  form!: FormGroup;  payLoad = '';  constructor(private qcs: QuestionControlService) {}  ngOnInit() {    this.form = this.qcs.toFormGroup(this.questions as QuestionBase<string>[]);  }  onSubmit() {    this.payLoad = JSON.stringify(this.form.getRawValue());  }}
    

      
import {Component, Input} from '@angular/core';import {FormGroup, ReactiveFormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {CommonModule} from '@angular/common';import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';@Component({  selector: 'app-question',  templateUrl: './dynamic-form-question.component.html',  imports: [CommonModule, ReactiveFormsModule],})export class DynamicFormQuestionComponent {  @Input() question!: QuestionBase<string>;  @Input() form!: FormGroup;  get isValid() {    return this.form.controls[this.question.key].valid;  }}
    

Create a form object model

A dynamic form requires an object model that can describe all scenarios needed by the form functionality. The example hero-application form is a set of questions — that is, each control in the form must ask a question and accept an answer.

The data model for this type of form must represent a question. The example includes the DynamicFormQuestionComponent, which defines a question as the fundamental object in the model.

The following QuestionBase is a base class for a set of controls that can represent the question and its answer in the form.

      
export class QuestionBase<T> {  value: T | undefined;  key: string;  label: string;  required: boolean;  order: number;  controlType: string;  type: string;  options: {key: string; value: string}[];  constructor(    options: {      value?: T;      key?: string;      label?: string;      required?: boolean;      order?: number;      controlType?: string;      type?: string;      options?: {key: string; value: string}[];    } = {},  ) {    this.value = options.value;    this.key = options.key || '';    this.label = options.label || '';    this.required = !!options.required;    this.order = options.order === undefined ? 1 : options.order;    this.controlType = options.controlType || '';    this.type = options.type || '';    this.options = options.options || [];  }}
    

Define control classes

From this base, the example derives two new classes, TextboxQuestion and DropdownQuestion, that represent different control types. When you create the form template in the next step, you instantiate these specific question types in order to render the appropriate controls dynamically.

The TextboxQuestion control type is represented in a form template using an <input> element. It presents a question and lets users enter input. The type attribute of the element is defined based on the type field specified in the options argument (for example text, email, url).

      
import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';export class TextboxQuestion extends QuestionBase<string> {  override controlType = 'textbox';}
    

The DropdownQuestion control type presents a list of choices in a select box.

      
import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';export class DropdownQuestion extends QuestionBase<string> {  override controlType = 'dropdown';}
    

Compose form groups

A dynamic form uses a service to create grouped sets of input controls, based on the form model. The following QuestionControlService collects a set of FormGroup instances that consume the metadata from the question model. You can specify default values and validation rules.

      
import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';import {FormControl, FormGroup, Validators} from '@angular/forms';import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';@Injectable()export class QuestionControlService {  toFormGroup(questions: QuestionBase<string>[]) {    const group: any = {};    questions.forEach((question) => {      group[question.key] = question.required        ? new FormControl(question.value || '', Validators.required)        : new FormControl(question.value || '');    });    return new FormGroup(group);  }}
    

Compose dynamic form contents

The dynamic form itself is represented by a container component, which you add in a later step. Each question is represented in the form component's template by an <app-question> tag, which matches an instance of DynamicFormQuestionComponent.

The DynamicFormQuestionComponent is responsible for rendering the details of an individual question based on values in the data-bound question object. The form relies on a [formGroup] directive to connect the template HTML to the underlying control objects. The DynamicFormQuestionComponent creates form groups and populates them with controls defined in the question model, specifying display and validation rules.

      
<div [formGroup]="form">  <label [attr.for]="question.key">{{ question.label }}</label>  <div>    @switch (question.controlType) {      @case ('textbox') {        <input [formControlName]="question.key" [id]="question.key" [type]="question.type">      } @case ('dropdown') {        <select [id]="question.key" [formControlName]="question.key">        @for (opt of question.options; track opt) {          <option [value]="opt.key">{{ opt.value }}</option>        }        </select>      }    }  </div>  @if (!isValid) {<div class="errorMessage">{{ question.label }} is required</div>}</div>
    

      
import {Component, Input} from '@angular/core';import {FormGroup, ReactiveFormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {CommonModule} from '@angular/common';import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';@Component({  selector: 'app-question',  templateUrl: './dynamic-form-question.component.html',  imports: [CommonModule, ReactiveFormsModule],})export class DynamicFormQuestionComponent {  @Input() question!: QuestionBase<string>;  @Input() form!: FormGroup;  get isValid() {    return this.form.controls[this.question.key].valid;  }}
    

The goal of the DynamicFormQuestionComponent is to present question types defined in your model. You only have two types of questions at this point but you can imagine many more. The ngSwitch statement in the template determines which type of question to display. The switch uses directives with the formControlName and formGroup selectors. Both directives are defined in ReactiveFormsModule.

Supply data

Another service is needed to supply a specific set of questions from which to build an individual form. For this exercise you create the QuestionService to supply this array of questions from the hard-coded sample data. In a real-world app, the service might fetch data from a backend system. The key point, however, is that you control the hero job-application questions entirely through the objects returned from QuestionService. To maintain the questionnaire as requirements change, you only need to add, update, and remove objects from the questions array.

The QuestionService supplies a set of questions in the form of an array bound to @Input() questions.

      
import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';import {DropdownQuestion} from './question-dropdown';import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';import {TextboxQuestion} from './question-textbox';import {of} from 'rxjs';@Injectable()export class QuestionService {  // TODO: get from a remote source of question metadata  getQuestions() {    const questions: QuestionBase<string>[] = [      new DropdownQuestion({        key: 'favoriteAnimal',        label: 'Favorite Animal',        options: [          {key: 'cat', value: 'Cat'},          {key: 'dog', value: 'Dog'},          {key: 'horse', value: 'Horse'},          {key: 'capybara', value: 'Capybara'},        ],        order: 3,      }),      new TextboxQuestion({        key: 'firstName',        label: 'First name',        value: 'Alex',        required: true,        order: 1,      }),      new TextboxQuestion({        key: 'emailAddress',        label: 'Email',        type: 'email',        order: 2,      }),    ];    return of(questions.sort((a, b) => a.order - b.order));  }}
    

Create a dynamic form template

The DynamicFormComponent component is the entry point and the main container for the form, which is represented using the <app-dynamic-form> in a template.

The DynamicFormComponent component presents a list of questions by binding each one to an <app-question> element that matches the DynamicFormQuestionComponent.

      
<div>  <form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" [formGroup]="form">    @for (question of questions; track question) {      <div class="form-row">        <app-question [question]="question" [form]="form"></app-question>      </div>    }    <div class="form-row">      <button type="submit" [disabled]="!form.valid">Save</button>    </div>  </form>  @if (payLoad) {    <div class="form-row">      <strong>Saved the following values</strong><br>{{ payLoad }}    </div>  }</div>
    

      
import {Component, Input, OnInit} from '@angular/core';import {CommonModule} from '@angular/common';import {FormGroup, ReactiveFormsModule} from '@angular/forms';import {DynamicFormQuestionComponent} from './dynamic-form-question.component';import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';import {QuestionControlService} from './question-control.service';@Component({  selector: 'app-dynamic-form',  templateUrl: './dynamic-form.component.html',  providers: [QuestionControlService],  imports: [CommonModule, DynamicFormQuestionComponent, ReactiveFormsModule],})export class DynamicFormComponent implements OnInit {  @Input() questions: QuestionBase<string>[] | null = [];  form!: FormGroup;  payLoad = '';  constructor(private qcs: QuestionControlService) {}  ngOnInit() {    this.form = this.qcs.toFormGroup(this.questions as QuestionBase<string>[]);  }  onSubmit() {    this.payLoad = JSON.stringify(this.form.getRawValue());  }}
    

Display the form

To display an instance of the dynamic form, the AppComponent shell template passes the questions array returned by the QuestionService to the form container component, <app-dynamic-form>.

      
import {Component} from '@angular/core';import {AsyncPipe} from '@angular/common';import {DynamicFormComponent} from './dynamic-form.component';import {QuestionService} from './question.service';import {QuestionBase} from './question-base';import {Observable} from 'rxjs';@Component({  selector: 'app-root',  template: `    <div>      <h2>Job Application for Heroes</h2>      <app-dynamic-form [questions]="questions$ | async"></app-dynamic-form>    </div>  `,  providers: [QuestionService],  imports: [AsyncPipe, DynamicFormComponent],})export class AppComponent {  questions$: Observable<QuestionBase<any>[]>;  constructor(service: QuestionService) {    this.questions$ = service.getQuestions();  }}
    

This separation of model and data lets you repurpose the components for any type of survey, as long as it's compatible with the question object model.

Ensuring valid data

The form template uses dynamic data binding of metadata to render the form without making any hardcoded assumptions about specific questions. It adds both control metadata and validation criteria dynamically.

To ensure valid input, the Save button is disabled until the form is in a valid state. When the form is valid, click Save and the application renders the current form values as JSON.

The following figure shows the final form.

Next steps